🌱 Why Do We Need to Increase Food Production?
🍽️ All living organisms need food to survive.
🧠 Food gives us proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
💪 These nutrients help in growth, body development, energy, and good health.
🌾 Sources of Our Food
🌱 Plants give us grains, fruits, vegetables, pulses, and oils.
🐄 Animals provide milk, eggs, meat, fish, and honey.
🚜 Most of our food comes from agriculture and animal husbandry.
📈 Why Is Increasing Food Production Necessary?
- India has a very large population (over 1 billion people).
- 👶 Our population is still increasing every year.
- 🌾 Soon, we will need more than 250 million tonnes of food grains every year.
🌍 Can We Increase Farming Land?
❌ India is already intensively cultivated.
🌾 There is very little extra land available for farming.
👉 So, we cannot increase production by increasing land area.
⚙️ What Is the Only Solution?
- ✅ We must increase production efficiency.
- 🌱 Grow more food from the same land.
- 🐄 Improve crop and livestock productivity.
🌟 Success So Far
🌾 Green Revolution → increased food-grain production.
🥛 White Revolution → more milk and better dairy farming.
⚠️ A Big Concern
🌍 Overuse of land and resources can damage the environment.
💧 Soil, water, and biodiversity can get destroyed.
❗ We must avoid disturbing nature’s balance.
♻️ Sustainable Agriculture Is the Key
🌱 Produce more food without harming the environment.
🌾 Use sustainable practices in agriculture and animal husbandry.
🌍 Protect natural resources for future generations.
🍞 Food Security Is Not Just About Storage
🏭 Storing food in warehouses is not enough.
💰 People must have money to buy food.
🔐 Food security depends on:
✔️ Availability of food
✔️ Access to food
👩🌾 Supporting Farmers = Ending Hunger
👨🌾 Most Indians depend on agriculture for their livelihood.
📈 Increasing farmers’ income helps fight hunger and malnutrition.
🔬 Smart Farming Practices
🌾 Scientific management increases crop yield.
🌱 Use:
- 🔄 Mixed farming
- 🌽 Intercropping
- 🐄 Integrated farming (crops + livestock + poultry + fisheries + beekeeping)
❓ The Big Question
👉 How can we increase the yields of crops and livestock in a sustainable way?
🌾 12.1 Improvement in Crop Yields
🍞 Types of Crops and Their Uses
🌾 Cereals like wheat, rice, maize, millets, and sorghum
👉 Give us carbohydrates for energy ⚡
🫘 Pulses like gram (chana), pea (matar), urad, moong, arhar, masoor
👉 Give us proteins for body growth and repair 💪
🌻 Oil seeds like soyabean, groundnut, sesame, mustard, sunflower
👉 Provide fats needed for energy and body functions 🧠
🥕 Vegetables, fruits, and spices
👉 Give vitamins and minerals for good health and immunity 🍎
🌿 Fodder crops like berseem, oats, and sudan grass
👉 Grown as food for animals (livestock) 🐄
🌦️ Crop Growth Depends On
🌡️ Temperature
🌧️ Climate
☀️ Photoperiod (length of daylight)
👉 Sunlight is very important because:
🌞 Plants make their food using photosynthesis
🌼 Plant growth and flowering depend on sunlight
🌱 Crop Seasons in India
🌧️ Kharif Crops (Rainy Season)
- 📅 Grown from June to October
- 🌧️ Need more rainfall
- 🌾 Examples:
- Paddy
- Maize
- Cotton
- Soyabean
- Arhar
- Moong, Urad
❄️ Rabi Crops (Winter Season)
- 📅 Grown from November to April
- ❄️ Need cool climate
- 🌾 Examples:
- Wheat
- Gram
- Peas
- Mustard
- Linseed
📈 Big Achievement in India
- 🇮🇳 From 1952 to 2010:
- 🌾 Food grain production increased 4 times
- 🌍 Cultivable land increased only 25%
👉 This means we produced more food from the same land 👍
🤔 How Was This Increase Possible?
Farming practices can be divided into three main stages:
1️⃣ Selection of good seeds 🌱
2️⃣ Proper care and growth of crops 💧🌞
3️⃣ Protection of crops from pests and diseases 🐛🚫
🔑 Main Methods to Improve Crop Yields
Crop yield can be improved by:
- 🌱 Crop variety improvement (better seeds with higher yield)
- 🚜 Crop production improvement (better farming methods, irrigation, fertilizers)
- 🛡️ Crop protection management (protecting crops from pests, weeds, and diseases)
⭐ In Short👉 To feed a growing population, we must:
- Grow more food
- Use scientific and sustainable farming
- Protect crops and natural resources 🌍
🤔 Intext questions
❓ Question: What do we get from cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables?
✅ Answer :
🌾 Cereals (wheat, rice, maize)
👉 Give carbohydrates which provide energy ⚡
🫘 Pulses (gram, moong, lentils)
👉 Give proteins which help in growth and body repair 💪
🍎 Fruits
👉 Provide vitamins and minerals that keep us healthy and boost immunity 🛡️
🥕 Vegetables
👉 Provide vitamins and minerals and also small amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats 🥗
🌾 12.1.1 Crop Variety Improvement
🌱 What Is Crop Variety Improvement?
- Crop variety improvement means developing better types of crops 🌾
- The aim is to get more yield, better quality, and stronger crops 💪
- Scientists select or develop crop varieties with useful characteristics
🧬 How Are Better Crop Varieties Developed?
🔁 1. Hybridisation
- Hybridisation means crossing two different plants 🌼🌼
- This helps combine good qualities of both plants
- Types of hybridisation:
- 🌱 Intervarietal – between different varieties
- 🌿 Interspecific – between different species of same genus
- 🌳 Intergeneric – between plants of different genera
🧪 2. Genetic Modification
- A new useful gene is added to the crop 🧬
- This creates genetically modified (GM) crops
- Helps improve traits like disease resistance or yield
🌍 Why Should New Varieties Be Special?
- 🌦️ Crops should grow well in different weather conditions
- 🌱 Seeds must be:
- Of same variety
- Have good germination
- Give uniform growth
🌧️ Dealing with Uncertain Weather
- Weather like droughts and floods is unpredictable 🌦️
- So, crops are developed that can:
- Grow in different climates
- Tolerate salty soil (high salinity)
🎯 Objectives of Crop Variety Improvement
🌾 1. Higher Yield
- Produce more crop per acre
- Increases food production 📈
⭐ 2. Improved Quality
Quality depends on crop type:
- 🍞 Wheat → good baking quality
- 🫘 Pulses → good protein quality
- 🌻 Oilseeds → better oil quality
- 🍎 Fruits & vegetables → better storage quality
🛡️ 3. Resistance to Stresses
Biotic stresses 🐛:
- Diseases
- Insects
- Nematodes
Abiotic stresses 🌡️:
- Drought
- Flood
- Heat, cold, frost
- Salinity
Resistant crops give stable production
⏱️ 4. Shorter Maturity Duration
- Crops that mature faster are better 🌱➡️🌾
- Benefits:
- More crops in one year
- Less cost
- Easy harvesting
- Less crop loss
🌍 5. Wider Adaptability
- One crop variety can grow in different regions
- Helps maintain stable food production
🌿 6. Desirable Agronomic Characteristics
- 🐄 Fodder crops → tall plants & more branches
- 🌾 Cereals → short (dwarf) plants
- Dwarf plants use less nutrients and give more grains
⭐ In Simple Words
👉 Crop variety improvement helps us:
- Grow more food
- Get better quality crops
- Protect crops from diseases and climate problems
- Support farmers and food security
🤔 Intext questions
❓ 1. How do biotic and abiotic factors affect crop production?
🐛 Biotic Factors (Living causes)
These are living organisms that harm crops.
- 🦠 Diseases damage plant parts
- 🐜 Insects and pests eat leaves, stems, or grains
- 🪱 Nematodes attack roots
👉 Effect:
- Reduce crop growth
- Lower yield and quality 🌾⬇️
🌦️ Abiotic Factors (Non-living causes)
These are environmental conditions.
- 🌵 Drought (lack of water)
- 🌊 Flooding / water logging
- 🧂 High soil salinity
- 🌡️ Extreme heat or cold
- ❄️ Frost
👉 Effect:
- Poor plant growth
- Crop failure or low production ❌
✅ In Short
👉 Both biotic and abiotic factors reduce crop yield and quality, so resistant varieties are needed.
❓ 2. What are the desirable agronomic characteristics for crop improvement?
🌿 Desirable Agronomic Characteristics
- 🐄 Tallness and more branching
👉 Desired in fodder crops for more animal feed
- 🌾 Dwarfness
👉 Desired in cereals
👉 Uses less nutrients and gives more grains
- 🌱 Strong stems
👉 Prevent plants from falling (lodging)
- ⏱️ Uniform and early maturity
👉 Easy harvesting and less crop loss
⭐ In Simple Words
👉 Desirable agronomic traits help crops:
- Grow better 🌱
- Give higher yield 🌾
- Use nutrients efficiently 😊
🌾 12.1.2 Crop Production Management
👨🌾 Why Do Farming Practices Differ?
- In India, farms can be small or very large 🌱🌾
- Farmers differ in:
- 🌍 Land size
- 💰 Money (financial condition)
- 📚 Access to information & technology
👉 Farmers with more money can use better inputs like quality seeds, fertilizers, machines, etc.
📈 Inputs and Crop Yield
- 📦 More inputs → Higher yield
- 💸 Farmer’s purchasing power decides:
- Cropping system
- Production practices
⚙️ Levels of Production Practices
- 🆓 No-cost production (natural methods, very few inputs)
- 💰 Low-cost production (limited use of seeds, manure, fertilizers)
- 💎 High-cost production (HYV seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, machines)
🌱 12.1.2 (i) Nutrient Management
🍽️ Nutrients for Plants
- Just like humans need food, plants also need nutrients 🌿
- Nutrients help in:
- 🌱 Growth
- 🌸 Flowering
- 🌾 Reproduction
🌬️ Where Do Plants Get Nutrients From?
- 🌬️ Air → Carbon, Oxygen
- 💧 Water → Hydrogen, Oxygen
- 🌍 Soil → 13 essential nutrients
🧪 Types of Nutrients
🌾 Macronutrients (needed in large amounts)
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Potassium
- Calcium
- Magnesium
- Sulphur
👉 Called macronutrients because plants need them in large quantity
🔬 Micronutrients (needed in small amounts)
- Iron
- Manganese
- Boron
- Zinc
- Copper
- Molybdenum
- Chlorine
⚠️ Nutrient Deficiency Effects
- Poor plant growth 🌱⬇️
- Weak reproduction 🌸❌
- More diseases 🦠
👉 Soil nutrients are improved using manure and fertilizers
🌿 MANURE
♻️ What Is Manure?
- Manure is made from:
- 🐄 Animal waste (cow dung, etc.)
- 🌾 Plant waste
- It contains:
- 🌱 Organic matter
- Small amounts of nutrients
✅ Benefits of Manure
- Improves soil fertility 🌍
- Improves soil structure
- 💧 In sandy soil → increases water holding
- 🌊 In clayey soil → improves drainage
- ♻️ Recycles farm waste
- 🌍 Eco-friendly (protects environment)
🪱 Types of Manure
1️⃣ Compost & Vermi-Compost
- Made by decomposing:
- Crop waste
- Animal waste
- Kitchen & farm waste
• 🪱 Vermi-compost uses earthworms to speed up decomposition
2️⃣ Green Manure
- Plants like sun hemp or guar are grown
- Then ploughed into soil 🌱➡️🌍
- Enriches soil with:
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
🧪 FERTILIZERS
🏭 What Are Fertilizers?
- Chemically made plant nutrients
- Supply:
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Potassium
🌾 Advantages of Fertilizers
- Fast plant growth 🌱
- Healthy leaves, branches, flowers 🌸
- High yield in high-cost farming 📈
⚠️ Problems with Excess Fertilizers
- 🚿 Washed away by excess irrigation
- 🌊 Cause water pollution
- 🌍 Harm soil organisms
- Reduce soil fertility over time
⚖️ Manure vs Fertilizers
- 🧪 Fertilizers → Short-term benefit
- 🌿 Manure → Long-term soil fertility
👉 Best results come from balanced use
🌱 Organic Farming
🌍 What Is Organic Farming?
- Minimal or no chemical use ❌🧪
- Maximum use of:
- 🌿 Organic manure
- ♻️ Farm waste
- 🦠 Bio-fertilizers
- 🌱 Neem, turmeric as bio-pesticides
🌾 Organic Cropping Systems
- 🔄 Mixed cropping
- 🌽 Intercropping
- 🔁 Crop rotation
👉 These:
- Reduce pests 🐛
- Improve soil nutrients
- Protect environment 🌍
⭐ In Simple Words
👉 Crop production management means:
- Using proper nutrients
- Choosing right inputs
- Balancing yield + soil health
- Farming in a sustainable way
🤔 intext questions
❓ Compare the use of manure and fertilizers in maintaining soil fertility
Here is a simple, pointwise comparison with easy words and emojis 😊🌱
🌿 Manure vs 🧪 Fertilizers
🌿 Manure
- ♻️ Made from animal waste and plant waste
- 🌍 Adds organic matter (humus) to the soil
- 💧 Improves soil structure and water-holding capacity
- 🦠 Increases useful soil microorganisms
- 🌱 Maintains long-term soil fertility
- 🌍 Eco-friendly and safe for the environment
- ⏳ Nutrients are released slowly
🧪 Fertilizers
- 🏭 Chemically manufactured
- ⚡ Supply nutrients like N, P, K quickly
- 📈 Give fast plant growth and higher yield
- ❌ Do not add organic matter to soil
- 🦠 Harm soil microorganisms if used continuously
- 🌊 Excess use can cause soil and water pollution
- ⏱️ Useful for short-term benefits
⭐ In Short
👉 Manure improves soil health and fertility for a long time,
👉 Fertilizers give quick nutrients but may damage soil if overused.
✔️ Best farming practice is balanced use of both manure and fertilizers 🌾😊
💧 12.1.2 (ii) Irrigation
🌧️ Why Is Irrigation Important?
- 🌾 Most farming in India is rain-fed
- 🌧️ Crops depend heavily on timely monsoon rains
- ❌ Poor or delayed monsoon → crop failure
- 💧 Supplying water at the right growth stages increases crop yield
👉 So, irrigation is very important for successful farming.
🚜 What Is Irrigation?
- Irrigation means supplying water to crops artificially
- It helps crops:
- 🌱 Grow properly
- 🌾 Give higher yield
- 🌸 Survive dry periods
🌍 Sources of Irrigation in India
India has different climates and water resources, so various irrigation systems are used.
🪣 1. Wells
- Two types:
- 🕳️ Dug wells – collect water from upper water-bearing layers
- 🔩 Tube wells – take water from deeper layers
- 🚿 Water is lifted using pumps
- ✔️ Common in villages
🚰 2. Canals
- Large and well-planned irrigation system
- 🚣 Water comes from:
- Rivers
- Reservoirs
- 🌊 Main canal → branch canals → distributaries → fields
- ✔️ Used for irrigating large areas
🌊 3. River Lift Systems
- Used where:
- Canal water is less or irregular
- 🚜 Water is directly lifted from rivers
- ✔️ Useful for areas near rivers
🛢️ 4. Tanks
- Small water storage structures
- 🌧️ Collect rainwater run-off
- ✔️ Useful in dry regions and hilly areas
🌧️ New Ways to Save Water
🌱 Rainwater Harvesting
- Collects rainwater instead of letting it flow away
- Helps recharge groundwater 💧⬆️
🌍 Watershed Management
- Building small check-dams
- Benefits:
- Stops water from flowing away 🚫🌊
- Increases groundwater level
- Reduces soil erosion 🌱
⭐ In Simple Words
👉 Irrigation:
- Reduces dependence on rainfall 🌧️
- Increases crop yield 🌾
- Protects crops from drought 🌵
- Makes farming more reliable 😊
🌾 12.1.2 (iii) Cropping Patterns
🌱 What Are Cropping Patterns?
- Cropping patterns are different ways of growing crops
- They help farmers get:
- 🌾 Better yield
- 💰 More profit
- 🛡️ Less risk of crop failure
🌿 1. Mixed Cropping
🌱 What Is Mixed Cropping?
- Growing two or more crops together on the same land
- Crops are sown without a fixed pattern
🌾 Examples
- Wheat + gram
- Wheat + mustard
- Groundnut + sunflower
✅ Advantages
- 🛡️ Reduces risk of total crop failure
- 🌧️ If one crop fails, the other may survive
- 💰 Provides financial security to farmers
🌽 2. Intercropping
🌱 What Is Intercropping?
- Growing two or more crops together in a fixed row pattern
- A few rows of one crop alternate with a few rows of another crop
🌾 Examples
- Soyabean + maize
- Bajra (finger millet) + lobia (cowpea)
⭐ Why Is Intercropping Useful?
- 🌱 Crops need different nutrients, so nutrients are used fully
- 🦠 Reduces spread of pests and diseases
- 🌾 Both crops grow better and give higher yield
- 💰 Better returns for farmers
🔍 Difference in Simple Words
- 🌿 Mixed cropping → focus on reducing risk
- 🌽 Intercropping → focus on better use of nutrients and higher yield
⭐ In Short
👉 Cropping patterns help farmers:
- Grow crops smartly 🌱
- Protect against loss 🛡️
- Increase productivity and income 😊
🛡️ 12.1.3 Crop Protection Management
🌾 Why Is Crop Protection Important?
- Crops are attacked by:
- 🌿 Weeds
- 🐛 Insect pests
- 🦠 Diseases
- If not controlled on time ❌, most of the crop can be destroyed
- This leads to low yield and heavy loss for farmers
🌿 Weeds
🌱 What Are Weeds?
- Weeds are unwanted plants growing in crop fields
- Examples:
- Xanthium (Gokhroo)
- Parthenium (Gajar ghas)
- Cyperus rotundus (Motha)
❌ Why Are Weeds Harmful?
- Compete with crops for:
- 🌱 Nutrients
- ☀️ Sunlight
- 🌍 Space
Reduce crop growth and yield
👉 Early removal of weeds is very important for good harvest 🌾
🐛 Insect Pests
🐜 How Do Insects Damage Crops?
Insects attack crops in three ways:
- 1️⃣ ✂️ Cut roots, stems, and leaves
- 2️⃣ 🩸 Suck cell sap from plant parts
- 3️⃣ 🕳️ Bore into stems and fruits
👉 This weakens plants and reduces crop yield 🌱⬇️
🦠 Plant Diseases
- Caused by pathogens:
- 🧫 Bacteria
- 🍄 Fungi
- 🦠 Viruses
- Spread through:
- 🌍 Soil
- 💧 Water
- 🌬️ Air
👉 Diseases affect plant health and reduce production
🧪 Methods of Crop Protection
🧴 Chemical Control (Pesticides)
- Common method of control
- Types of pesticides:
- 🌿 Herbicides → kill weeds
- 🐛 Insecticides → kill insects
- 🍄 Fungicides → kill fungi
- Applied by:
- Spraying on crops
- Treating seeds and soil
⚠️ Problem:
- Excess use causes:
- Environmental pollution 🌍
- Harm to plants, animals, and humans ❌
🚜 Mechanical Control
- 🌱 Physical removal of weeds
- Example:
- Hand weeding
- Hoeing
🛡️ Preventive Methods
- 🌾 Proper seed bed preparation
- ⏰ Timely sowing
- 🌽 Intercropping
- 🔁 Crop rotation
- 🌱 Use of disease-resistant varieties
- ☀️ Summer ploughing to kill weeds and pests
🏪 Storage of Grains
❌ Storage Losses Are Caused By:
🐛 Biotic Factors
- Insects
- Rodents
- Fungi
- Mites
- Bacteria
🌡️ Abiotic Factors
- High moisture
- High temperature
📉 Effects of Poor Storage
- Loss in weight ⚖️
- Poor germination 🌱
- Change in colour
- Reduced quality and market value 💰⬇️
✅ Safe Storage Practices
- 🧹 Clean grains properly before storage
- ☀️ Dry grains in sunlight and then in shade
- 🏭 Store in well-managed warehouses
- 🧪 Fumigation to kill pests
⭐ In Simple Words
👉 Crop protection management helps:
- Save crops from loss 🌾
- Maintain quality
- Increase farmer income 😊
- Ensure food security 🍞
🤔 intext questions
❓ Which of the following conditions will give the most benefits? Why?
✅ Correct Answer: (c)
Farmers use quality seeds, adopt irrigation, use fertilizers, and use crop protection measures.
🌱 Why Option (c) Is the Best
- 🌾 Quality seeds 👉 Give higher yield and better resistance to diseases
- 💧 Proper irrigation 👉 Supplies water at the right time for healthy growth
- 🧪 Fertilizers / manure 👉 Provide essential nutrients for strong plants
- 🛡️ Crop protection measures 👉 Protect crops from weeds, pests, and diseases
👉 When all these are used together, crops grow healthy, give maximum yield, and losses are minimal 📈😊
❌ Why Other Options Are Less Beneficial
(a) Quality seeds but no irrigation or fertilizers
- ❌ Lack of water and nutrients
- 🌱 Poor growth and low yield
(b) Ordinary seeds with irrigation and fertilizers
- ❌ Seeds may have low yield potential
- ❌ Less resistance to diseases and pests
❓ 1. Why should preventive measures and biological control methods be preferred for protecting crops?
✅ Reasons
- 🌱 Eco-friendly 👉 They do not pollute soil, water, or air 🌍
- 🦠 Safe for humans and animals 👉 No harmful chemical residues in food 🍎
- 🐞 Protect useful organisms 👉 Do not kill beneficial insects like bees and earthworms 🐝🪱
- 🌾 Long-term protection 👉 Keep soil healthy and productive for future crops
- 💰 Cost-effective 👉 Reduce repeated use of expensive chemicals
- 🚫 Less resistance in pests 👉 Pests do not become resistant easily
🛡️ Examples
- Crop rotation 🔁
- Intercropping 🌽🌱
- Use of pest-resistant varieties
- Natural predators (biological control)
❓ 2. What factors may be responsible for losses of grains during storage?
🐛 Biotic Factors (Living causes)
- Insects 🐜
- Rodents 🐀
- Fungi 🍄
- Mites
- Bacteria 🦠
🌡️ Abiotic Factors (Non-living causes)
- High moisture 💧
- High temperature 🔥
- Poor ventilation ❌
📉 Effects of Storage Losses
- Loss of weight ⚖️
- Poor germination 🌱
- Discolouration of grains
- Reduced quality and market value 💰⬇️
⭐ In Short
👉 Preventive and biological methods are safer and sustainable,
👉 Improper storage conditions and pests cause grain losses.
🐄 12.2 Animal Husbandry
🌱 What Is Animal Husbandry?
- Animal husbandry means scientific care and management of animals
- It includes:
- 🍽️ Feeding
- 🧬 Breeding
- 💉 Disease control
🐐 Types of Animal-Based Farming
- 🐄 Cattle farming
- 🐑 Sheep farming
- 🐐 Goat farming
- 🐔 Poultry farming
- 🐟 Fish farming
📈 Why Do We Need to Improve Animal Husbandry?
- 👨👩👧 Population is increasing
- 🍳 Demand for milk, eggs, and meat is rising
- ❤️ Awareness about humane treatment of animals is growing
- 👉 So, livestock production must be improved
🥛 12.2.1 Cattle Farming
🎯 Purposes of Cattle Husbandry
- 🥛 Milk production
- 🚜 Draught labour (ploughing fields, irrigation, pulling carts)
🧬 Types of Indian Cattle
- 🐄 Bos indicus → cows
- 🐃 Bos bubalis → buffaloes
🐄 Types of Cattle Based on Use
- 🥛 Milch animals → Female animals that give milk
- 🚜 Draught animals → Animals used for farm work
🕒 Lactation Period
- Lactation period = time during which milk is produced after birth of calf
- 🥛 Longer lactation → more milk
- 👉 Milk production increases if lactation period is increased
🌍 Breeds of Cattle
🌎 Exotic (Foreign) Breeds
- Examples:
- Jersey
- Brown Swiss
- ✔️ Long lactation period
- ❌ Less disease resistance
🇮🇳 Indigenous (Local) Breeds
- Examples:
- Red Sindhi
- Sahiwal
- ✔️ Strong disease resistance
- ❌ Shorter lactation period
👉 Cross-breeding combines both good qualities 👍
🏠 Proper Shelter & Care
- 🧼 Regular cleaning and brushing removes dirt and loose hair
- 🏠 Well-ventilated sheds protect from:
- 🌧️ Rain
- ☀️ Heat
- ❄️ Cold
- 🧹 Sloping floor:
- Keeps shed dry
- Makes cleaning easy
- 🥛 Helps in producing clean and safe milk
🍽️ Food Requirements of Cattle
1️⃣ Maintenance Requirement
- Food needed to keep animal healthy and alive
2️⃣ Milk Producing Requirement
- Extra food needed during lactation period
🌾 Types of Animal Feed
- 🌿 Roughage
- High fibre
- Example: grass, hay
- 🥣 Concentrates
- Low fibre
- High protein and nutrients
👉 Animals need a balanced diet for good health and milk yield 🥛
💊 Feed Additives
- Contain micronutrients
- Improve:
- Animal health
- Milk production
🦠 Diseases in Cattle
- Reduce milk production
- May cause death ❌
🐜 Parasites
- External parasites → skin diseases
- Internal parasites:
- Worms → stomach & intestine
- Flukes → liver damage
🦠 Infectious Diseases
- Caused by bacteria and viruses
💉 Disease Control
- ✔️ Vaccination protects animals from major diseases
- ✔️ Healthy animals:
- Eat regularly
- Have normal posture
- Give more milk 🥛
⭐ In Simple Words
👉 Animal husbandry helps us:
- Get more milk and food 🥛🍖
- Keep animals healthy ❤️
- Increase farmer income 💰
- Ensure food security 🍽️
🐔 12.2.2 Poultry Farming
🌱 What Is Poultry Farming?
- Poultry farming means rearing domestic birds like hens 🐓
- It is done for:
- 🥚 Egg production
- 🍗 Meat production
🥚🐔 Types of Poultry Birds
- 🥚 Layers 👉 Birds raised mainly for eggs
- 🍗 Broilers 👉 Birds raised mainly for meat
🧬 Breed Improvement in Poultry
- Poultry breeds are improved by cross-breeding
- Cross-breeding is done between:
- 🇮🇳 Indian breeds (example: Aseel)
- 🌍 Foreign breeds (example: Leghorn)
🎯 Aims of Poultry Breed Improvement
Improved breeds are developed for:
- 1️⃣ 🐣 More and better quality chicks
- 2️⃣ 📉 Dwarf broiler parents for commercial chick production
- 3️⃣ ☀️ Tolerance to high temperature (summer friendly)
- 4️⃣ 💰 Low maintenance cost
- 5️⃣ 🌾 Ability to use cheap, fibrous food made from agricultural waste
- 6️⃣ 🥚 Smaller egg-laying birds that eat less but lay well
🍗 Egg and Broiler Production
🍗 Broiler Production (Meat)
- Broilers are given:
- 🧪 Vitamin-rich feed
- 🥣 Balanced diet for fast growth
- Care is taken to:
- Reduce death rate ❌
- Maintain good feathers and meat quality
Broilers are sent to market for meat
🥚 Layer Production (Eggs)
- Layers need:
- Proper housing 🏠
- Balanced food 🍽️
- Clean environment 🧼
🌡️ Management Practices in Poultry Farming
Good poultry production depends on:
- 🌡️ Proper temperature
- 🧼 Clean and hygienic housing
- 🍽️ Good quality poultry feed
- 🦠 Prevention of diseases and pests
🍽️ Food Requirements
🍗 Broilers
- 🥩 Protein-rich diet
- 🧈 Adequate fat
- 🧪 High levels of:
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin K
🥚 Layers
- Balanced diet to support:
- Egg laying
- Long-term health
🦠 Diseases in Poultry
- Poultry birds suffer from diseases caused by:
- 🦠 Viruses
- 🧫 Bacteria
- 🍄 Fungi
- 🐜 Parasites
- ❌ Nutritional deficiency
💉 Disease Prevention
- 🧼 Regular cleaning and sanitation
- 🧴 Spraying disinfectants
- 💉 Vaccination to prevent infectious diseases
- Helps reduce heavy losses during disease outbreaks
⭐ In Simple Words
👉 Poultry farming helps us:
- Get more eggs and meat 🥚🍗
- Improve farmer income 💰
- Meet growing food demand 🍽️
- Raise birds in a healthy and scientific way 😊
❓ Discuss the implications of the statement
“Poultry is India’s most efficient converter of low-fibre foodstuff (unfit for human consumption) into highly nutritious animal protein food.”
🐔 What Does This Statement Mean?
- Poultry birds can eat low-fibre and cheap feed 🌾 (like agricultural by-products that humans cannot eat)
- They convert this feed into:
- 🥚 Eggs
- 🍗 Chicken meat
Both are rich in high-quality animal protein 💪
🌟 Implications (Why This Is Important)
- 🍽️ Better use of waste food - Poultry uses farm by-products instead of wasting them ♻️
- 💰 Low-cost protein source - Eggs and chicken are affordable compared to other meats
- 📈 High efficiency - Poultry grows fast and gives quick returns to farmers
- 🧑🌾 Increased farmer income - Less feed cost → more profit
- 🇮🇳 Helps fight malnutrition - Provides nutritious protein to a large population
- 🌍 Environment friendly - Reduces pressure on food meant for humans
⭐ In Simple Words
👉 Poultry farming smartly turns cheap, inedible feed into healthy food for humans, making it one of the most efficient and economical ways to produce animal protein in India.
❓ 1. What management practices are common in dairy and poultry farming?
✅ Common Management Practices
- 🍽️ Balanced feeding - Proper food with all nutrients for healthy growth and production
- 🏠 Proper housing and shelter - Clean, well-ventilated shelters to protect from heat, cold, and rain
- 🧼 Cleanliness and hygiene - Regular cleaning to prevent diseases
- 💉 Disease prevention and control - Vaccination and timely treatment of sick animals/birds
- 👀 Regular health check-up - Early detection of diseases and better productivity
❓ 2. What are the differences between broilers and layers and in their management?
🐔 Difference Between Broilers and Layers
| Point | 🍗 Broilers | 🥚 Layers |
|---|---|---|
| Purpose | Meat production | Egg production |
| Growth period | Short (grow fast) | Long (egg-laying life) |
| Body type | Heavier, fleshy | Lighter, lean |
| Feed | Protein-rich, high fat | Balanced feed with minerals |
| Vitamins | High vitamins A & K | Vitamins and calcium important |
| Management focus | Fast growth, meat quality | Egg production, shell quality |
| Market age | Sent to market early | Kept for longer time |
⭐ In Simple Words
👉 Both dairy and poultry farming need good food, clean shelter, and disease control.
👉 Broilers are managed for quick meat production, while layers are managed for continuous egg production.
🐟 12.2.3 Fish Production
🍽️ Why Is Fish Important?
- 🐟 Fish is a cheap and rich source of animal protein
- It helps in:
- 💪 Body growth
- 🧠 Brain development
- 🩺 Good health
🐠 What Is Included in Fish Production?
- 🐟 True (finned) fish
- 🦐 Shellfish like:
- Prawns
- Molluscs (oysters, mussels)
🎣 Two Ways of Getting Fish
1️⃣ Capture Fishing
- Fish are caught from natural water bodies
- Example: rivers, seas, oceans
2️⃣ Culture Fishery (Fish Farming)
- Fish are grown and raised by humans
- Done in ponds, tanks, lakes, or sea water
🌊 Types of Water Sources
- 🌊 Marine (sea water)
- 🌿 Freshwater (rivers, ponds, lakes)
👉 Fish production can be done in both marine and freshwater, using capture or culture methods.
🌊 12.2.3 (i) Marine Fisheries
🇮🇳 Marine Fish Resources of India
- India has a long coastline of about 7500 km
- Also includes deep sea areas
🐟 Common Marine Fish in India
- Pomphret
- Mackerel
- Tuna
- Sardines
- Bombay duck
🚤 How Are Marine Fish Caught?
- 🛥️ Fishing boats and ships
- 🕸️ Different types of fishing nets
- 🛰️ Modern technology like:
- Satellites
- Echo-sounders (to locate big groups of fish)
👉 This helps in increasing fish yield
🧑🌾 Marine Fish Farming (Mariculture)
- Some high-value marine fish are farmed in sea water
- Examples:
- 🐟 Mullets
- 🐠 Bhetki
- 🐟 Pearl spots
- 🦐 Prawns
- 🦪 Mussels and oysters
- 🌿 Seaweed
💎 Special Use of Oysters
- 🦪 Oysters are cultured to produce pearls
- This is called pearl culture
⚠️ Why Mariculture Is Important?
- 🌊 Natural fish stocks are reducing
- 🐟 Demand for fish is increasing
- 👉 So, mariculture (marine fish farming) is needed to meet future demand
⭐ In Simple Words
👉 Fish production:
- Gives us cheap, nutritious food
- Supports fisherman livelihoods 👨🌾
- Helps meet protein needs of a growing population
- Culture fisheries are the future of fish supply 🐟🌍
🐟 12.2.3 (ii) Inland Fisheries
🌿 What Are Inland Fisheries?
- Inland fisheries deal with fish production in inland water bodies
- These include:
- 🚰 Canals
- 🏞️ Ponds
- 🌊 Reservoirs
- 🏞️ Rivers
🌊 Brackish Water Fisheries
- 🧂 Brackish water is a mixture of sea water and fresh water
- Found in:
- 🌅 Estuaries
- 🌴 Lagoons
These are also important fish-producing areas
🎣 Capture vs Culture in Inland Waters
- 🎣 Capture fishing is done but gives low yield
- 🧑🌾 Aquaculture (fish farming) gives higher and reliable yield
- 👉 So, most inland fish production is through aquaculture
🌾 Fish–Rice Farming
- 🐟 Fish are grown in paddy fields along with rice 🌾
- Both crops benefit:
- Fish get food from field insects
- Rice fields get natural fertilisation
🐠 Composite Fish Culture
🌱 What Is Composite Fish Culture?
- A scientific fish farming method
- 5–6 different fish species are grown together in one pond
🍽️ Why Use Many Fish Species?
- Each species has different food habits
- So, they do not compete for food
🐟 Examples of Fish and Their Feeding Zones
- 🐟 Catla → surface feeder
- 🐠 Rohu → middle-zone feeder
- 🐟 Mrigal & Common carp → bottom feeders
- 🌿 Grass carp → feeds on weeds
👉 This way, all food in the pond is used efficiently 🌊
📈 Advantage of Composite Fish Culture
- ✔️ Maximum use of pond resources
- ✔️ No competition for food
- ✔️ Higher fish yield
⚠️ Problem in Composite Fish Culture
- Many fish breed only during monsoon
- Fish seed collected from rivers may be:
- Mixed with other species ❌
👉 Good-quality pure fish seed is often not available
💉 Solution: Induced Breeding
- Fish are bred in ponds using:
- Hormonal stimulation
- This method:
- Ensures pure fish seed
- Provides seed in large quantities
- Supports large-scale fish farming
⭐ In Simple Words
👉 Inland fisheries use smart fish farming methods to:
- Increase fish production 🐟
- Use water resources fully 🌊
- Provide cheap protein 🍽️
- Support farmer and fisherman income 😊
🤔 intext questions
❓ 1. How are fish obtained?
Fish are obtained in two main ways 🐟👇
🎣 Capture Fishing
- Fish are caught from natural water bodies
- Examples:
- 🌊 Seas and oceans
- 🌊 Rivers, lakes, ponds
🧑🌾 Culture Fishery (Fish Farming)
- Fish are grown and reared by humans
- Done in:
- 🏞️ Ponds
- 🚰 Tanks
- 🌊 Sea water (mariculture)
⭐ In Short
👉 Fish are obtained by capture fishing and culture fishery.
❓ 2. What are the advantages of composite fish culture?
✅ Advantages
- 🐟 Many fish species grown together 👉 5–6 species in one pond
- 🍽️ No competition for food 👉 Each fish eats different food
- 🌊 Full use of pond resources 👉 Surface, middle, and bottom food is used
- 📈 Higher fish yield 👉 More fish produced from the same pond
- 💰 More profit for farmers 👉 Better productivity with less waste
🐝 12.2.4 Bee-Keeping
🍯 What Is Bee-Keeping?
- Bee-keeping (apiculture) is the rearing of bees for honey production
- Honey is widely used as:
- 🍽️ Food
- 💊 Medicine
- Bee-keeping needs low investment
- Farmers use it as an extra source of income 💰
🕯️ Other Products from Bees
- 🧈 Beeswax
- Used in:
- Medicines
- Cosmetics
- Candles
🐝 Types of Bees Used for Honey
🇮🇳 Indian Bee Varieties
- Apis cerana indica → Indian bee
- Apis dorsata → Rock bee
- Apis florea → Little bee
🌍 Exotic (Foreign) Bee Variety
- Apis mellifera → Italian bee
- Most commonly used for commercial honey production
⭐ Why Italian Bees Are Preferred?
- 🍯 High honey collection capacity
- 😌 Sting less (easy to handle)
- 🏠 Stay in the hive for a long time
- 🐝 Breed well
- Suitable for large-scale honey production
🏡 Bee Farms
- Bee farms are called apiaries
- Special boxes (beehives) are used for bees
🌸 What Is Pasturage?
- Pasturage means the flowers available to bees
- Bees collect:
- 🍯 Nectar
- 🌼 Pollen
from flowers
🌼 Pasturage and Honey Quality
- 🌸 More flowers → more honey
- 🌺 Type of flowers → taste, colour, and quality of honey
- Good pasturage = high-quality honey
❓ Answers to Questions
1️⃣ What are the desirable characters of bee varieties suitable for honey production?
- 🍯 High honey-collecting ability
- 😌 Less stinging nature
- 🏠 Stay longer in the hive
- 🐝 Good breeding capacity
- Easy to manage
2️⃣ What is pasturage and how is it related to honey production?
- 🌸 Pasturage is the availability of flowers for bees
- 🍯 Quantity of honey depends on amount of pasturage
- 🌼 Quality and taste of honey depend on type of flowers
⭐ In Simple Words
👉 Bee-keeping is a low-cost, high-benefit activity that:
- Produces healthy honey 🍯
- Gives extra income to farmers 💰
- Depends greatly on flowers (pasturage) 🌸